A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Essays

A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Essays A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Paper A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro Paper Paper Topic: Writing The character of Mariko in the novel A Pale View of Hills by Kazuo Ishiguro is that of a little youngster who is around ten years of age. She is introduced by the creator as an unbalanced and regularly troublesome young lady who battles for her mom Sachikos nonexistent love and acknowledgment. Her character, conduct, and character have all been formed by her encounters of the war and the Nagasaki bombarding of 1945. Be that as it may, regardless of the youth injuries Mariko has experienced, she additionally shows demonstrations of enormous love, dedication and responsibility towards things or parts of her life she feels emphatically for. The primary thing that might be promptly perceptible in Marikos character is that she is a significant clumsy youngster. This is represented plainly in the scene where Mariko endeavors to gobble a creepy crawly slithering up the mass of Sachikos bungalow. Positively, Etsuko is frightened when Mariko does this, as she says, I began back, and later, It paused for a minute for me to recoup. Etsuko portrays her as having an enigmatically upsetting quality, and says that Mariko has an abnormally passive look. The creator utilizes words to comparable impact all through the novel to portray Mariko. Another undeniable characteristic of Marikos is that she isn't cherished by her mom. Sachiko infers that Mariko is an incredible weight to her when she makes statements were extremely troublesome when Mariko was conceived. She additionally doesn't help Mariko adapt to the trials she has experienced, as she says to Etsuko, So please dont trouble a lot with her. Sachiko basically couldn't care less about Mariko, and neglects to try and go to bat for her little girl when she is blamed for something she didn't do. When Sachiko suffocates the little cats, the battling creatures are illustrative of Marikos enthusiastic battles for her moms love and consideration. Close to the furthest limit of the novel, when saying, Do you think I envision for one second that Im a decent mother to her? Sachiko concedes that she realizes she was never the mindful, cherishing, committed mother to Mariko she ought to have been. Mariko is likewise observed to have a shut brain. Ishiguro utilizes wretched misrepresentation to show this point. Her musings are pulled back and withdrawn, and Etsuko says of Mariko, I could see just obscurity. A statement in the arachnid scene, [Mariko] shut her hand on it so that [the spider] was detained, is emblematic as in Mariko is detained inside her own psyche. Her relative hesitance Mariko stayed quiet all through that excursion home is additionally likely an impression of her pulled back nature, as she might suspect deep down instead of voice them out like other youngsters her age would. Nonetheless, Mariko additionally shows full fondness towards things she profoundly thinks about. Her little cats are the prime model in this novel, and she makes steady and predictable reference to them. She demands playing at the kujibiki remain until she wins a case which she utilizes as a home for her little cats We could convey the cats in there We could take them in the case, couldnt we, Mother? When Yasuko-San tells Mariko, And youre not to stress over your cats, we get the feeling that Mariko has just communicated her interests for the prosperity of her pets to Yasuko-San. Mariko likewise attempts to be defensive of her little cats when Sachiko requests to have them by going to Etsuko for help. She says, Do you need to see [Atsu, one of the kittens], Etsuko-San? by and by delineating her adoration for the little cats and furthermore her defenselessness before her mom, Sachiko. In spite of Marikos protective manner towards the little cats, she can likewise exhibit very youngster like conduct. Mariko yelled something and pointed. At that point she rushed on energetically. This expression, for instance, shows the ordinary, blameless nature of a youngster she Mariko still has in her despite every one of that has ever happened to her. She shows comparable conduct in another segment of the novel, when she ran somewhat route ahead, at that point hung tight for us to make up for lost time. Her naivety is demonstrated likewise when she is unmindful of a lady gazing at her from the train stage. Mariko kept on watching out of the window, very ignorant of the lady. Her excitement when glancing through her optics, Mariko appeared to test the adequacy of her optics, holding them to her eyes one second, removing them the following is likewise a genuine case of when Mariko is still especially a kid. For a large portion of the novel A Pale View of Hills, Mariko is introduced as a little youngster who makes some hard memories in conveying and mingling. She is regularly ungainly, and obviously doesn't get the measure of affection she ought to get from her mom. Be that as it may, she likewise shows characteristics that demonstrate she would be a vastly improved mother than Sachiko herself, and even insights that she would be a surprisingly better kid than she is for the vast majority of the novel.

Introduction to Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Essay

Asbestos is viewed as a Public wellbeing risk. As such there have been various logical estimates embraced to deal with this hazard to ecological wellbeing and security. In this conversation the creator would propel that the most ideal approach to oversee asbestos is by applying the asbestos code intended for that specific area. It is accepted to be sheltered since it is a code which has been explored preceding its structure and a significant number of the significant hazard factors were thought of. It follows particular aides, for example, ‘elimination/expulsion (generally liked); disconnection/fenced in area/fixing; designing controls; safe work rehearses (regulatory controls); individual defensive hardware (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010). In accordance with this undertaking the hazard the executives intend to be embraced is the disposal and evacuation alternative which would be examined in more detail. Defense for the choice In request to legitimize why it is accepted that the disposal and evacuation choice is the best under any conditions to mange asbestos hazards ,the peruser must comprehend what it truly does. First the expulsion must be led by an ensured preservationist who is proficient in the training and would direct the procedure as indicated by the ecological heath and wellbeing code relating to that system. In this way, it prohibits the invasion of a fledgling endeavor the hazard the board strategy. Asbestos is an intense natural risk as such any endeavors at control must be experimentally checked. As was recently referenced these are logical intercessions which are actualized following quite a while of all around assessed explore, ‘environmental information, network wellbeing concerns and wellbeing result data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nvironmental information are assessed to decide if individuals in the network may be presented to risky materials from the NPL office. ’ (ATSDR, 2009). The evacuation limits are painstakingly characterized; security signs and proper showcases are raised for general society to perceive that nature is being focused for asbestos expulsion. This ensures the network during the procedure since they would not enter the risky limit zones. It is all out enlightenment. Other than; the electrical hardware are evacuated and all apparatuses which are utilized to give electrical force must be killed. These add to the asbestos hazard when end and evacuation are finished. It can't be overemphasized this guarantees total disposal and security after the procedure is finished. Thus, here is the avocation this is the best choice for evacuating both friable and non friable asbestos. It is enthusiastically suggested as a hazard the executives gadget. In what capacity will disposal and expulsion give a more noteworthy measure of insurance from the natural dangers related with Asbestos? Clearly, it is illumination of the hazard itself. It resembles directing a main driver examination whereby the establishment of the factor is improved to guarantee that is has been pulverized totally. Disconnection/fenced in area/fixing; designing controls; safe work rehearses (regulatory controls); individual defensive gear (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010) are for the most part palliative measures. These don't stand the trial of time since they act essentially as control measures. There is still asbestos in the climate. Of significant criticalness is that the impacts of asbestos don't show right away. It takes years. During that time nobody knows how viable these control measure may be. There will never be a certain method of assessing their actual viability until a whole network turns out to be sick from this presentation which should be controlled. In this way, it is the author’s conviction that the most ideal approaches to keep away from any inclined impacts and give ideal security is by disposal and evacuation. An Outline of the chose technique used to assess consequences of the alternative picked to execute Asbestos chance administration. The usage task in itself offers a procedure of assessment which is to decide the nearness of asbestos noticeable all around after the end procedure has been finished. This is a logical assessment. There are basically three sorts of asbestos. Preceding the end system the earthy person would have assessed the sorts to decide if it was white (chsorile); blue (crocidolite) or earthy colored (amosite). The Environmental Protective Agency (EPA) has concocted a logical strategy to assess asbestos expulsion. It has been investigated and seen as a fitting estimating instrument. This involves the selection of an elective test which will assess the expulsion system used to decide how powerful it was in evaluating how much asbestos was truly expelled. Correctly, it endeavors to expel a few kinds of asbestos harbored in structures. The inside of the structure is wet, and afterward annihilated without barring whatever different sorts of asbestos might be available. Enough water is applied to trap any asbestos which may have gotten away from the underlying reatment. This activity is checked and the measure of asbestos present in the air is assessed. It is normally tried against a formerly led illumination treatment. (U. S Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos Project Plan, 2010) This is a possible method of assessing the consequences of a formerly led asbestos expulsion work out. The earthy people can likewise re-measure the asbestos content deductively. In any case, this strategy even assesses the particular instrument utilized and just not the level of substances expelled.

Craft a Perfect Thesis

Craft a Perfect Thesis Craft a Perfect Thesis Craft a Perfect Thesis In university and even in high school, the quality of your paper totally depends on the quality of your thesis. What’s a thesis? The point of your paper! It should outline what your essay will argue, and what examples you will use to prove the point. Almost every single paper in high school and university requires a thesis, unless the teacher or professor specifically states that a thesis is not necessary. Sometimes, the instructions will give you your thesis. That’s when the directions say, “write a paper arguing climate change is a threat to Canada’s environment,” or “write an essay either agreeing or disagreeing with the idea that history advances because of the decisions of great leaders”. Other times, an essay assignment will just give you the topic for your paper, like “write a paper about an American leader in the Cold War.” These papers still require a thesis, which your argument will revolve around. No matter what the instructions are for your paper, it has to have a main point. Find your thesis by asking yourself, “what am I trying to say in this essay?”. The thesis statement will focus this into a single sentence or paragraph. It will show your reader, professor or TA, what to expect when they read your paper. Summarize your main point into one sentence, and then summarize the arguments you will use to prove this point. Avoid being too general, or the reader may be confused. And avoid being so specific that your argument ends up straying from the precise thesis. Be as concise and specific as possible but stay on point. The thesis should appear somewhere in your paper’s introduction, most likely at the end of the first paragraph. Avoid burying the thesis in the middle of your paper, unless the assignment specifically requires you to give a lot of background information before getting to your argument. If it helps, it’s usually fine to structure the sentence in a way that makes your thesis statement obvious. Starting the thesis with, “This paper will argue . . .” or “The point of this essay is . . .” makes the thesis stand out, and makes it easy for your professor to find. As you write your paper, keep checking to make sure each paragraph and each argument is related to your thesis. You can help the reader along by adding one sentence into each paragraph directly relating it to the thesis. And be sure to reword your thesis in the essay’s conclusion! This will end your paper naturally, and demonstrate how well you made your point. Not sure if your thesis is good enough? Or do you have no clue what it should be? Let Homework Help Canada take your thesis to the next level! We can assist you along every step of the way with our thesis and essay outlines service and our unique one-to-one Skype essay help sessions. Our team of professional writers has years of experience writing high-level essays and we can help you feel confident with your work. Find out more about our services or contact us to learn about our tutoring and editing services to ensure you only hand in the best assignments! Reference: Writing tips: Thesis statement. (2013). Retrieved August 26, 2015, from Craft a Perfect Thesis Craft a Perfect Thesis Craft a Perfect Thesis In university and even in high school, the quality of your paper totally depends on the quality of your thesis. What’s a thesis? The point of your paper! It should outline what your essay will argue, and what examples you will use to prove the point. Almost every single paper in high school and university requires a thesis, unless the teacher or professor specifically states that a thesis is not necessary. Sometimes, the instructions will give you your thesis. That’s when the directions say, “write a paper arguing climate change is a threat to USAs environment,” or “write an essay either agreeing or disagreeing with the idea that history advances because of the decisions of great leaders”. Other times, an essay assignment will just give you the topic for your paper, like “write a paper about an American leader in the Cold War.” These papers still require a thesis, which your argument will revolve around. No matter what the instructions are for your paper, it has to have a main point. Find your thesis by asking yourself, “what am I trying to say in this essay?”. The thesis statement will focus this into a single sentence or paragraph. It will show your reader, professor or TA, what to expect when they read your paper. Summarize your main point into one sentence, and then summarize the arguments you will use to prove this point. Avoid being too general, or the reader may be confused. And avoid being so specific that your argument ends up straying from the precise thesis. Be as concise and specific as possible but stay on point. The thesis should appear somewhere in your paper’s introduction, most likely at the end of the first paragraph. Avoid burying the thesis in the middle of your paper, unless the assignment specifically requires you to give a lot of background information before getting to your argument. If it helps, it’s usually fine to structure the sentence in a way that makes your thesis statement obvious. Starting the thesis with, “This paper will argue . . .” or “The point of this essay is . . .” makes the thesis stand out, and makes it easy for your professor to find. As you write your paper, keep checking to make sure each paragraph and each argument is related to your thesis. You can help the reader along by adding one sentence into each paragraph directly relating it to the thesis. And be sure to reword your thesis in the essay’s conclusion! This will end your paper naturally, and demonstrate how well you made your point. Not sure if your thesis is good enough? Or do you have no clue what it should be? Let Homework Help USA take your thesis to the next level! We can assist you along every step of the way with our thesis and essay outlines service and our unique one-to-one Skype essay help sessions. Our team of professional writers has years of experience writing high-level essays and we can help you feel confident with your work. Find out more about our services or contact us to learn about our tutoring and editing services to ensure you only hand in the best assignments! Reference: Writing tips: Thesis statement. (2013). Retrieved August 26, 2015, from

A Study On The Sustainability Cluster Essay - 1271 Words

At one point in life, one must decide on what one would like to do in their future. My studies would focus on detail studies in the sustainability cluster. Nowadays, sustainability is a topic which research is still maturing and design relative new. My research would emphasize in ruralization of current urban cities that would help increase innovative design presented in urban environment in Japan. Many major cities in the US and around the world have developed such that much of the land has been converted into urbanized areas. With an estimated 3 million people and greater living in those urban areas, people have exhausted the land usage and have no choice but to rely on high-rise buildings. Many modern architects and landscape architects focus their careers on trying to create sustainable cities, but are still limited by the maximum space they can work with. Others emphasize in the incorporation of biophilic medium to solve the problem. As land-space in some countries are limited a nd most are reaching its capacities, architecture should focus on innovating designs that can create an environment that would allow the people to benefit from its agricultural and urban function. Many cities have become overpopulated, leading to people to live in high-rise complexes. Minimal spacious rooms are designed to accommodate single families that reside in many urban cities. Families of three or four members settle to dwell in rooms where the size is compared to those of a single livingShow MoreRelatedAgri Udaan Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagesinto clusters to make them competitive and provide support for their long term sustainability by way of enhancing the marketability of products, improving the skills of artisans, making provision for common facilities and strengthening the cluster governance systems. ï‚ § ïÆ'Ëœ The Scheme guidelines of SFURTI have been revamped in 2015 and the Scheme has taken giant strides in 2015. Funds to the tune of Rs.62 Crore have been sanctioned under the Scheme in 2015 as against Nil in 2014. ï‚ § ïÆ'Ëœ 68 clusters haveRead MoreCathedral Hill Hospital1596 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia Pacific Medical Center hired SMWM to design the association of two acute care facilities on one of CPMC’s existing campuses with the condition that they sign a multiparty contract with Sutter. Suggested Key Support Tasks Sustainability Checkpoints Sustainability Checkpoint - 0 Information Exchanges Single Multi-party Contract †¢ Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery Between Owner, Architect CM/GC – also stated as Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA) UK Government Information ExchangesRead MoreEffective Leadership : Management Values Essay783 Words   |  4 PagesEffective Leadership: Management Values in the Latin American Cluster â€Å"A strategy is something like, an innovative new product; globalization, taking your products around the world; be the low-cost producer. A strategy is something you can touch; you can motivate people with; be number one and number two in every business. You can energize people around the message .† Jack Welch In order for a multinational enterprise (MNE) to be successful in infiltrating Brazil’s market, it’s important forRead MoreQuestions On Sustainability Of Real Estate1422 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This report focuses on the review and discussion of three scholarly papers related to sustainability in real estate. A section will be dedicated to each of the three papers. Within these sections, the nature of the work and its key findings will be reviewed along with the author’s motivation and intentions. Additionally, different types and sources of data that is used in the papers will be examined and analyzed in order to enhance the topics discussed. The final section of this reportRead MoreEssay On Population Assessment1239 Words   |  5 Pages3.4 Location of the Study The study was conducted in Kajiado North Sub County which is one of the five Sub Counties in Kajiado County, it is located at latitude of 01 °53S and longitude 36 °48E. The study site was purposely selected because it is rated among the most populated at 387,538 people (Kenya Housing and Population Census, 2009) and convenience. The Sub County covers an area of 7400.9sq.km, and comprises five educational zones namely Ngong, Ongata Rongai, Magadi, Kisamis and Euwaso KedongRead MoreWalmart‚Äà ´s Sustainability Strategy1028 Words   |  5 PagesCase analysis: Walmart’s Sustainability Strategy Why Walmart announces sustainability strategy? There is no need to introduce its background anymore; I think everyone knows the super supermarket leader’s name which is called Walmart. Here is the point that in this case why the CEO of Walmart Scott announced to do the business sustainability strategy in 2005. The sustainability will be the most focused in the 21century when the environment get worse every day. This strategy seems that WalmartRead MoreBelgium : The Country Of The European Union And A Country With Limited Resources1467 Words   |  6 Pagesattained a high of 4.3% GDP in 2010. DETERMINANTS OF BELGUIM COMPETITIVENESS In 2010, based on a number of determinants, Belgium as the 16th most competitive country in the world. Being a country that has constantly maintained the principle of sustainability, they have shown transparency in the commodity sector, which is heavily equipped with a well-developed infrastructure, which has further helped in its competitiveness. Belgium has a respected single bodied judicial system as well as a monarchicalRead MorePlanning Of Land Usage And Conservation Of Energy Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesintent would be Building sustainability in the countries that are not well developed by the planning of land usage and conservation of energy. It is an intelligent scientific design, where it is the advancement of the current generation needs without hampering the future generation needs. The environmental and economic problems in our planet are mostly contributed by the construction industry and urbanization. We must take the challenge and create eco-design, sustainability a nd construction practicesRead MoreEconomic And Environmental Performance Of Vendor-Verhouse Gas ( VMI ) Supply Chains1295 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental issues, mainly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are the result of the excessive use of energy in production systems. The scarcity of resources, governmental regulations, and public awareness on sustainability make them expensive to companies. The speed of producing items (production rate) impacts GHG emissions generation in manufacturing, i.e. usually faster production results in more emissions, which is controllable in many cases. The production rate also affects the process qualityRead MoreSustainability Of The Un s World Commission On Environment And Development2082 Words   |  9 Pagescreation of the UN’s World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, the term â€Å"sustainability† has become a common term used when discussing the future of the world (Kerr Hart-Steffes2012). Sustainability, in a bro ad sense, means living harmoniously with the environment, society, and economy without compromising quality of life for peoples of future generations. There are three main components to sustainability: social, environmental, and economic. The social dimension refers to housing, education

Perceptions on Pregnancy Critical Thinking

Many view pregnant women as special people who require special attention and who are always in need of assistance. It is common for people to give way for pregnant women to pass, help carry their groceries to the car and other helpful gestures. However, this also depends on age. In some cultures, young unmarried expectant ladies might be treated with contempt and avoided by some. According to Crawford, the reaction to pregnancy can be viwed in terms of benevolent and hostile sexism (Crawford, 2001, P. 277). The woman can either be pampered and be treated as special in the case of benevolent sexism, or, the woman can be discriminated against, like when making job applications. These reactions might contribute greatly to a woman’s emotonal responses to pregnancy. The benevolent sexists might make a pregnant woman feel overwhelmed with the new status due to the expectations ‘placed’ on her. This special treatment might make the whole journey of childbirth seem bigger and more important, putting the woman at a loss and making her feel incapable of fullfilling this ‘huge’ responsibility. The hostile sexists might make women feel fulnerable due to their condition. The woman might fear attempting things that would expose her to such an embarrassment. Crawford states that these two reactions sustain social inequality and exposes the women to ‘an extra dose of sexuality’ since their condition is evident (P. 277). The media representation of motherhood has been that of the able woman who can handle her pregnancy, childbirth and child-rearing with ease, respect and a certain decorum that almost every other society expects of the pregnant woman. Crawford explains that the media representation of a mother as a superwoman, subtle in her ways, and with no sexual expression is false (p. 275). She further states that the Madona image of a mother who is successful in everyhting and balances career with being a wife and a mother; is not practical and put a lot of pressure on women. When a woman is expectant, at some point they have to take time of work to have the baby and nurse. This affects her career as she has a lot of catching up to do once she resumes. Some women also choose to quit work and become stay-at-home mothers. Crawford explains that the impact on career is dependent on the mother’s social class. Middle class women mostly quit their jobs and rare their children while the low class women are forced to get jobs to be able to provide for their families (p. 278). References Crawford, M. 2011. Transformations: Women, Gender, and Psychology. MCGraw Hill.

Brown’s Installation Service Free Essays

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Systems and Credit Risk Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Systems and Credit Risk Management. Answer: Introduction: The company drafted 10 years plan for new plant expansion. ANB Automobile Berhad need to compute the amount of money coming in and amount of money going out so as to determine the feasibility level of this particular business. There is no point of investing huge amounts of money without determining whether the business will generate more revenue and reserves than what was initially invested (Combs, Clapp-Smith Nadkarni, 2010). For that purpose, the company need to carry out cash flow analysis so as to determine whether cash inflow is greater than cash outflow. If cash outflow is more than cash inflow, then the project under consideration is not worth investing since the company will incur loses. If the cash inflow is more than cash outflow, then the project is worth investing since the company is making profits. If the cash inflow is equal to cash outflow, then the company is indifferent on whether to invest or not (Cocca Alberti, 2012). From the beginning of 2017, ANB Automobile B erhad Company placed an initial investment of RM 37 million in research and development (R D). This implies that the first cash outflow occurred in year 2017 amounting to 37 million. Again ANB Automobile Berhad Company decided to purchase piece of land worth 3 million. This is a cash outflow because money is moving out of the company. Cost of construction will 28.5 million. This amount was splinted into two payments. First payment was done at 20.5 million on 31 December 2018. That falls under cash outflow. Second payment was done at 8 million on 31 December 2019. Again that is cash outflow. Second payment of RM 8 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2019. This was the second payment to construction process (Chopra, 2012). This amount was also a cash outflow. Again, the company had to offer commission and pay for transport and equipment. Installation of equipment will be completed at the middle of 2019 and payment is expected to be made at 31 December 2019. Total cost includes RM 15 million for equipment and transportation. For commission, ANB Automobile Berhad Company spent RM 300,000. These amounts will be reflected in cash outflow column in cash flow d iagram. The company also need to put the cost of operation into consideration. From first year, 2017, the operational cost was 950,000. Thus for 2018, operation cost was 104% 950,000= 988,000. For year 2019, operation cost will be 104% 988,000= 1,027,520. Therefore, the total operation cost for ANB Automobile Berhad Company by the end 2019 will be 950,000+988,000+1,027,520= 2,965,520. To consider the cash inflow that the company will generate, then we consider year 2017 as a base year for a span of 3 year up to 2019. Overall revenue of the company has decreased to RM 30 million at first year and predicted to increase 5% each year. Thus, the revenue in year 1 = 30 million. For year 2 will be 105% 30 million= 31.5 million. For year 3, 105 31.5=33. 075. Events Description year Cash outflow 000 1 Initial investment of RM 37 million in research and development (R D).This was done in the beginning of 2017 2017 37,000 2 Cash used to purchase a new piece of land for expansion. Extension of the new plant requires a piece of land cost RM 3 million. 2018 3,000 3 First payment of RM 20.5 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2018. This was the first payment to construction process. 2018 20, 500 4 Second payment of RM 8 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2019. This was the second payment to construction process. 2019 8,000 5 Installation of equipment will be completed at the middle of 2019 and payment is expected to be made at 31 December 2019. Total cost includes RM 15 million for equipment and transportation. 2019 15,000 6 RM 300,000 for commissioning. 2019 300 7 Operation costs year 2017 2017 950 Operation costs year 2018 2018 988 Operation costs year 2019 2019 1027.52 Totals 86,765.52 From the above computation, we realize that the company spend RM 86,765,520 in the project for expansion. This cost has been made as payment to various expenditures for a span of 3 years. That is, 2017 to 2019. On the other hand, the same company will generate total revenue of 30 + 31.5 + 33.075= 94.575 million for a span of 3 years. Since the cash inflow in there years is greater than cash outflow in three years, then the business is worth investing. That is, cash flow= cash inflow-cash outflow= 94.575-86.76552=7.80948 million. With the aid of Present Worth and Future Worth analysis, explain the feasibility of the proposal if Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) is 20%. The net present worth (NPW) or present worth or net present value (NPV) of given series of cash flow is the equivalent values of the cash flows at the end of year zero. That is, at the beginning of year 1. Net present worth = equivalent present worth of future cash flow initial investment (Daft, 2015). Under NPW method, PW of all cash inflows are compared with PW of all cash outflows. The difference between these PVs is called the net present value. This is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows of a project. To get the present values a discount rate is used which is the rate of return or the opportunity cost of capital (DeTombe, 2012). The opportunity cost of capital is the expected rate of return that an investor could earn if the money would have been invested in financial assets of equivalent risk. Hence its the return that an investor would expect to earn. When calculating the NPV the cash flows are used and this implies that any non-cash item such as depreciation if included in the cash flows should be adjusted for (Arnold, 2010). Cash flows of the investment should be forecasted based on realistic assumptions. If sufficient information is given one should make the appropriate adjustments for non-cash items. Identify the appropriate discount rate (Fletcher, 2012). For this project the rate of return is provided at 20%. Compute the present value of cash flows identified in step 1 using the discount rate in step2. The NPV is found by subtracting the present value of cash out flows from present value of cash inflows. Mathematically this is represented as follow. Net Present Value (NPV) or present worth This is defined mathematically as the present value of cash flow less the initial outflow. Where Ct is the cash flow K is the opportunity cost of capital Io is the initial cash outflow n is the useful life of the project Decision Rule using NPV The decision rule under NPV is to: - Accept the project if the NPV is positive - Reject the project if NPV is negative Note: if the NPV = 0, use other methods to make the decision. Thus, if we compute the present worth of the company at rate of return of 20%, then we discount the cash flows for three years. That is from 2017 to 2019. We discount the revenue of 30 million at 20% rate of return (Gogu, 2017). However, since the engineering department has drafted a 10 years plan including of expanding a new plant to accommodate the production of this new range of cars, the present worth can be computed for a period of 10 years. Present worth = ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)) + ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)2) + ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)3) +..+ ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)10) 86,765,520 = 275,000,000 Future worth. Net Future Value measures the surplus in an investment project at time zero. Net future worth measures the surplus or equivalent worth or value of a project at the end of the investment period (Heranz, 2010). For the project under consideration, the future worth of the project will be compounded at a rate of return given as 20%. Mathematically, FW= A0(1+I)10 + A1(1+I)9+ A2(1+I)8+ .+ A2(1+I)1 . This formula will calculate the future worth for a period of 3 years. That is, from 2017 to 2019. However, since the engineering department has drafted a 10 years plan including of expanding a new plant to accommodate the production of this new range of cars, the future worth can be computed for a period of 10 years. Future worth = 30,000,000 (1+0.2)10+ 30,000,000 (1+0.2)9+30,000,000 (1+0.2)8+ . + 30,000,000 (1+0.2)1 = 342,000,000. From the computed values of present worth and future worth of the company at Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) of 20%, the project under consideration is feasible for the following decision. The present worth of ANB Automobile Berhad Company is positive (Lee, 2016). This implies that the project has a positive net present value. In that case, the project is worth investing hence feasible. From future worth, we find that the value of future worth of the project expansion is greater than present worth of the project (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). This is a positive indicator that the project is worth investing hence feasible. Prepare a plot of PW versus i estimate the break even rate of return for the proposal. Sensitivity analysis is a variation of the break-even analysis (Marylene, 2014). In sensitivity analysis we are asking; for example, what shall be the consequences if volume or price or cost changes? This question can be asked differently: How much lower the sales volume can become before the project becomes Unprofitable? To answer this question we shall require the breakeven point. A plot on pw verse i can be given when i represent rate of return for the project. Recall that present worth = net present value. If i2 = 20% then: PW (I) 2 = 275 PW (I) 1 - PW (I) 2 PW (I) 1 0 Continuing with the above example, let us compute the level of units variable costs above which the PW is negative. PW = Annual cash flows x PVIFA 20%, 10 yrs. - 86,765,520 Annual cash flows = Revenue Let break even rate of return be V Annual cash flows = (30,000,000 - 100 (V) Therefore NPV = [(300,000,000 - 100 V) At Breakeven point PW = 0 Therefore (165,000 - 50 V + 15,000) 6.145 = 86,765,520 1,106,100 - 30,725,000 v = 86,765,520 30,725,000 V = 86,765,520-1,106,100 V = 2.78793881% Thus, the required break even rate of return for the proposal is 2.78793881%. Propose the price of the car and minimum production unit per year needed to generate the annual revenue that breakeven the cost for R D and setting up the new plant. Assume that the company is expected to breakeven the cost after 5 years at Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) 20%. NPV = Annual cash flows x PVIFA 20%, 5 yrs. - 86,765,520 Annual cash flows = Revenue - variable costs - Fixed costs - depreciation - Tax + depreciation. Let variable cost per unit be V. for this case, depreciation and taxation are not provided. Thus, we compute the value of one unit or rather one car as follows. Annual cash flows = Revenue - variable costs - Fixed costs The operating cost for the project = variable costs +fixed costs Annual cash flows = Revenue operating costs. Operation cost for five years = 950,000+ 950,000 104% + 988,000104% +1,027,520 104% +1,068620 104% = 5,145,505 Revenue for 5 years= 30,000,000(1+0.05)5= 127,575,000 Annual cash flows = 86,765,520 Therefore NPV = 275,000,000 At Breakeven point NPV = 0 Therefore, Annual cash flows = Revenue operating costs. 86,765520 V = 275,000,000 + 127,575,000 V = 4.6939 million. Therefore the point above which the variable cost per unit will cause the NPV to be negative is about 4.6939 million. This will be the price of the car. Suggest some strategies to be used in penetrating the current automobile market that is highly competitive. A market is allocatively efficient if it directs savings towards the most efficient productive enterprise or project. In this situation, the most efficient enterprises will find it easier to raise funds and economic prosperity for the whole economy should result (Maslow, 2013). Allocative efficiency will be at its optimal level if there is no alternative allocation of funds channeled from savings that would result in higher economic prosperity. To be allocatively efficient, the market should have fewer financial intermediaries such that funds are allocated directly from savers to users, therefore financial disintermediation should be encouraged. This concept relates to the cost, to the borrower and lender, of doing business in a particular market. The greater the transaction cost, the greater the cost of using financial market and therefore the lower the operational efficiency (McGregor, 2012). Transaction cost is kept as low as possible where there is open competition between broker and other market participants. For a market to be operationally efficient, therefore, we need to have enough market makers who are able to play continuously. This reflects the extent to which the information regarding the future prospect of a security is reflected in its current price. If all known (public information) is reflected in the security price, then investing in securities becomes a fair game (Christopher, 2011). All investors have the same chances mainly because all the information that can be known is already reflected in share prices (Richard, 2013). Information efficiency is important in financial management because it means that the effect of management decision will quickly and accurately be reflected in security prices. Efficient market hypothesis relates to information processing efficiency. It argues that stock markets are efficient such that information is reflected in share prices accurately and rapidly. Creative Accounting strategy In an efficient market, prices are based upon expected future cash flow and therefore they reflect all current information (Clardy, 2013). There is no point therefore in firms attempting to distort current information to their advantage since investors will quickly see through such attempts. Studies have been done for example to show that changes from straight-line depreciation to reducing balance method, although it may result to increasing profit, may have no long-term effect on share prices (Ryan Deci, 2017). This is because the companys cash flows remain the same. Other studies support the conclusion that investors cannot be fooled by manipulation of accounting profit figure or charges in capital structure of company. Eventually, the investors will know the cash flow consequences and alter the share prices consequently. It compels the decision maker to identify the variables which affect the cash flow forecasts. This helps him in understanding the investment project in totality. It indicates the critical variables for which additional information may be obtained (Thabet, 2017). The decision maker can consider actions which may help in strengthening the "weak spots" in the project. It helps to expose inappropriate forecasts and thus guides the decision maker to concentrate on relevant variables. Competitive advantage strategy. The company need to market the automobile products to wider area so as to outdo the competitors. Again, the company may decide to absorb other companies dealing with automobile products via mergers, acquisition and amalgamation (Thomas, 2009). This will create a monopoly in the market hence achieving competitive advantage to the company. References. Arnold, J. (2010). Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Chopra, S. (2012). Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education. Christopher, M. (2011). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. FT Press. Clardy, A. (2013). A General Framework for Performance Management Systems: Structure, Design, and Analysis.Performance Improvement,52(2), 5-15. Cocca, P., Alberti, M. (2012). A framework to assess performance measurement systems in SMEs.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,59(2), 186-200. Combs, G., Clapp-Smith, R., Nadkarni, S. (2010). Managing BPO service workers in India: Examining hope on performance outcomes.Human Resource Management,49(3), 457-476. Daft, RL (2015). Management. South Western College Pub. DeTombe, D. (2012). Complex Societal Problems in Operational Research.European Journal of Operational Research,140(2), 232-240. Fletcher, F. (2012). Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Gogu, M. (2017). Emergency situations, adaptive management and national health strategies.Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues,6(2), 29. Heranz, J. (2010). Network Performance and Coordination.Public Performance Management Review,33(3), 311-341. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Lee, S.S. (2016). Critical analysis of the educational community discussion: Focusing on the conceptualization.Journal of Educational Innovation Research,26(1), 45-69. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D. (2012). The Human Side of Enterprise. New Yolk, 21. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford press. Thabet, A. (2017). Theoretical Framework Measures Management Accounting Systems and Credit Risk Management Policies and Practices towards Organizational Performance in Palestinian Commercial Banks.Account and Financial Management Journal. Thomas, K.W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers.

The Hero Figure in the Writings of Ernest Hemingway free essay sample

This paper examines the heroes of Ernest Hemingways stories. This paper addresses the question of the gender of the heroes in Ernest Hemingways writings. It points out that women in his stories are most often portrayed as inferior characters. However, an analysis of one of his short stories, Hills Like White Elephants, highlights a female character with strength equal to male characters often found to be the hero in his other stories. Ernest Hemingway has the unfortunate reputation of being a misogynist. The women in his stories are often described as too weak or too dysfunctional to be sympathetic characters. However, some of his heroines are just as noble and compelling as his heroes. In A Farewell to Arms, for instance, Catherine is the code hero who teaches Hemingway hero Frederic courage and stoicism in the face of adversity. Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants also highlights a surprisingly strong female character who in many ways resembles a code hero. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hero Figure in the Writings of Ernest Hemingway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

American History Timeline From 1860 to 1870

American History Timeline From 1860 to 1870 1860 February 27, 1860: Abraham Lincoln, a lawyer from Springfield, Illinois, gave a speech at Cooper Union in New York City. Lincoln delivered a forceful and well-reasoned argument against the spread of slavery and became an overnight star and a leading candidate for the upcoming presidential election.March 11, 1860: Abraham Lincoln visited the Five Points, the most notorious slum in America. He spent time with children at a Sunday school, and an account of his visit later appeared in newspapers during his presidential campaign.Summer 1860: Candidates did not actively participate in campaigning in the mid-1800s, though Lincolns campaign used posters and other images to inform and win over voters.July 13, 1860: Albert Hicks, a pirate convicted of murder, was hanged on present-day Liberty Island in New York Harbor before thousands of spectators.August 13, 1860: Annie Oakley, sharpshooter who became an entertainment phenomenon, was born in Ohio.November 6, 1860: Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States. December 20, 1860: In response to Lincolns election, the state of South Carolina issued an Ordinance of Secession and declared it is leaving the Union. Other states would follow. 1861 March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the president of the United States.April 12, 1861: In the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate guns.May 24, 1861: Death of Col. Elmer Ellsworth, an event which energized the North in the war effort.Summer and Fall, 1861: Thaddeus Lowe began the U.S. Army Balloon Corps, in which aeronauts ascended in balloons to view enemy troops.December 13, 1861: Prince Albert, the husband of Britains Queen Victoria, died at the age of 42. 1862 May 2, 1862: Death of writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden.September 17, 1862: The Battle of Antietam  was fought in western Maryland. It becomes known as Americas Bloodiest Day.October 1862: Photographs taken by Alexander Gardner  were put on public display at Mathew Bradys gallery in New York City. The public was shocked by the carnage depicted in the photographic prints. 1863 January 1, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.July 1-3, 1863: The epic Battle of Gettysburg  was fought in Pennsylvania.July 13, 1863: The New York Draft Riots began, and continue for several days.October 3, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring a Day of Thanksgiving to he observed on the last Thursday in November.November 19, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address while dedicating a military cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. 1864 January 3, 1864: Death of Archbishop John Hughes, an immigrant priest who became a political force in New York City.May 13, 1864: The first burial took place at Arlington National Cemetery.November 8, 1864: Abraham Lincoln won a second term as president, defeating General George McClellan in the election of 1864. 1865 January 16, 1865: General William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15, which was interpreted as a promise to provide forty acres and a mule to each family of freed slaves.January 31, 1865: The Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in America, was passed by the United States Congress.March 4, 1865: Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated for his second term as president of the United States. Lincolns second inaugural address is remembered as one of his most notable speeches.April 14, 1865: President Abraham Lincoln was shot at Fords Theatre and died the next morning.Summer 1865: The Freedmens Bureau, a new federal agency designed to help the freed slaves, began operation. 1866 Summer 1866: The Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans, was formed. 1867 March 17, 1867: The annual parade for St. Patricks Day in New York City was marred by violent clashes. In the following years, the tone of the parade was changed and it became a symbol of the emerging political power of the New York Irish. 1868 March 1868: The Erie Railroad War, a bizarre Wall Street struggle to control shares of a railroad, played out in the newspapers. The protagonists were Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, and Cornelius Vanderbilt.May 30, 1868: The first Decoration Day  was observed in the United States. The graves of Civil War veterans were decorated with flowers at Arlington National Cemetery and other cemeteries.February 1868: Novelist and politician Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain for the first time.Summer, 1868: Writer and naturalist John Muir arrived in Yosemite Valley for the first time. 1869 March 4, 1869: Ulysses S. Grant  was inaugurated as president of the United States of America.September 24, 1869: A scheme by Wall Street operators Jay Gould and Jim Fisk to corner the gold market nearly took down the entire U.S. economy in what became known as Black Friday.October 16, 1869: A weird discovery on an upstate New York farm became a sensation as the Cardiff Giant. The huge stone man turned out to be a hoax, but still fascinated a public which seemed to want a diversion.

Religion and Theologyy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Theologyy - Essay Example Theology helps to learn religious traditions; this is a system of theoretical principles that derives the religious practices. According to H. Dermot McDonald, religious experience does possess a sense of adequacy and completeness. Theology has facilitated Christianity towards human values to the fullest. The impact of Jesus in the lives of people since ages has never passed by with absolute positives like none before. History talks about many skeptics and critics whose lives have also been transformed completely. Different factors that facilitate the Christian values into human lives, it is quiet important to analyse and understand certain aspects about Jesus if he had claimed to be God ever, if the Bible had the authority in human life, and if a person is a Christian, does it in any way matter as to how a life is lead. These factors have always been the focal areas of interaction many times. According to John 10:30 Jesus says â€Å"I and the Father are one†, but Jesus never said the words precisely as â€Å"I am God†. This means that Jesus never said that he was God ever; in fact he referred to the Father and him as equals, with Father, Son and the Holy Spirit in the form of Trinity. Secondly the point if Bible has authority over human life; Bible is the essence of timeless truth rather than an authority. According to N.T Wright, the question posed is how the Bible could be authoritative; he brings up the views that most of the Bible does not consist of rules and regulations or a list of detailed commands that are to be obeyed, nor does it have creeds in it. There is no such Biblical doctrine of having authority of Bible and rather it is the root path to human beings towards reformation of life. The scriptural values one could follow to have an intimate relation with God. Thirdly, leading the way of life as a Christian emphasizing on the way life is lead. It lies in the works that one does in his life, where his reward comes from. Obedience and faithfulness are very essential to lead life close to God. Did Jesus claim to be God? To understand more precisely about the aspect of Bible, did Jesus ever claim to be God, when Jesus declared as per John 10:30 â€Å"I and the Father are one† his statement meant that he and his father were of similar nature and essence. John in his context reiterates the in-depth truth and concept linked to Jesus, wherein he says â€Å"the word was God† and â€Å"the word became flesh† according to John 1:1, 14 from the scripture. The verse elucidates that Jesus is God in the Human Flesh. In the book of Revelation, an angel instructs the apostle John to worship only God; on the other hand Jesus in the Bible receives worship at various instances. People have been worshipping him at different phases. Jesus never opposed the people not to worship him. Jesus never claimed himself to be God. But the point that could be emphasized is that if Jesus were not God, he would have certainl y told the people who worshipped him, not to do the same. Jesus was the word, a word which was with God, a word which was God himself. A primary aspect that could be observed is that Jesus had sacrificed his life for human kind, in a way where people could repent and come back to the righteous life. His death has paid the penalty for the sins of this world. Jesus has given an infinite penalty for human beings for the sins of people. This shows that Jesus was God and such an instance could happen only from an infinite entity as a whole. Jesus life on earth has been a journey that changed the lives of many. The scriptural verse as per 1 John 2:2 says â€Å"He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world† It can be stated that only God could take the sins of

Benefits of Training and Development for Individuals and Teams Case Study - 1

Benefits of Training and Development for Individuals and Teams - Case Study Example The given case scenario clearly points to the failure of a recruitment firm with respect to strategic management and professionalism. The first part of this report will identify the major problems occurred in ABC, Inc due to the unprofessional attitude of the new recruiter Carl Robins. The second part will recommend some short term and long term solutions to the issues. 1. Inexperienced faculty: As the case indicates, Carl himself is a new recruit with hardly six months’ job experience in the organization. Although strategic flaws are likely when it comes to new recruits, Carl seems to have shown exceeding carelessness and overconfidence. The top management of the firm should have anticipated some issues in this regard since Carl is only a new faculty. Obviously, Carl has to undergo an internship program. Best reported in Minnesota Daily (April 23, 2012), the majority of the graduates in the country is lacking job experience. 2. Inaccurate procedures: the case shows that some of the new trainees have not met their requirements fully. This indicates that Carl has not been following a proper procedure for recruitment. He had the responsibility to ensure that trainees have submitted all essential documents on time. 3. Lack of coordination: Any training program requires good coordination in order for meeting the intended outcomes. An organization consists of various departments that carry out numerous us independent and collaborative functions. Hence, a department alone cannot plan and implement an internal development program. Carl failed to coordinate related departments and faculties for the success of the training program he planned.

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis

Far Right Propaganda A Historical Analysis The parallels between modern far right propaganda and Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two. Propaganda is defined in the oxford dictionary as Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. Propaganda is biased, persuasive and not objective; a form of media usepd to promote a point of view or political stance. Propaganda has been used throughout history to influence and shape views by selectively presenting information and withholding facts. The language and imagery used in political propaganda is carefully selected to conjure an emotional response from an audience rather than a more rational response. The word propaganda is a word derived from the name of a new administrative body of the Catholic Church in 1622 entitled Congregatio de Propaganda Fide which translates as Congregation for the propagating the Faith or informally just propaganda.   Ã‚   There are three different types of propaganda; black, white and grey. White propaganda is the most credible and comes from a source that is identified correctly, and the information in the message tends to be accurate (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012, p.17). The source is often well respected and the information is truthful, however, presented in a way which is biased to convince the audience that they have the best knowledge of political ideology. The best example of white propaganda is newspaper publishing throughout history as the source is clear however the content can vary depending on the political views of the writer. Grey propaganda is a type of propaganda that falls between black and white propaganda; it is often created by a private organisation yet presents itself like a credible source. Grey propaganda can be described best as The source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012 p.20). In recent years the problem of fake news stories online is the most obvious version of modern grey propaganda. Black propaganda is the least credible type of propaganda and often comes from a fake or unidentified source and is used predominantly to spread lies. Black propaganda is often created with the intention of being portrayed as a credible source. A good example of the use of black propaganda was seen in the run-up to the 2007 federal election in Australia. Members of the liberal party circulated flyers around Sydney under the pretence of being circulated by an organisation called the Islamic Australia Federation. These flyers recognized the Australian L ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­abour party for supporting Islamic fundamentalists and terrorism. The purpose of this was to conjure fear in the public and alter their political alliances. In Germany in the 1930s, propaganda played a very large part in how the Nazi Party were perceived. Control over what people in Germany could see was heavily restricted which meant obvious propaganda was used in all media including literature, art, music, film, newspapers and radio. Dr Joseph Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda with the official title Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was his role to ensure nobody in Germany could see or read anything that could be damaging to the reputation of the Nazi party. Graphic design is key in conveying the messages of propaganda. All art is propaganda. It is universally and inescapably propaganda; sometimes unconsciously, but often deliberately, propaganda. This is according to Upton Sinclair, an American author and political commentator, and in the case of Nazi propaganda this was very true and deliberate. Views put across in Nazi propaganda seemed extreme in modern Britain until very recently. The idea that people were taken in by this blatant propaganda seems ludicrous, until you start to look at the startling correlation between imagery and views in Nazi propaganda leading up to world war two and propaganda created by far right groups in recent years. Historical context and Nazi propaganda paragraph Brexit Paragraph Left: A Nazi propaganda film. The images come from a BBC documentary currently on Netflix called Auschwitz: Nazis and the final solution. Right: Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP during the European referendum, standing in front of a UKIP pro-leave poster. Despite not being part of the official leave campaign during the European Referendum in June 2015, Nigel Farage, Leader of far right political party UKIP made constant headlines throughout the campaign. The most controversial piece of propaganda over the last few weeks of campaigning was UKIPs breaking point poster which depicts a long line of refugees trying to reach Europe. The photograph was taken by photographer Jeff Mitchell and shows refugees passing through an old railway line in Slovenia after being kettled by police, explaining the traumatised look on their faces. Jeff Mitchell intentionally took the shot to show the volume of people from an impartial humanitarian point of view as he explains It was a very flat walk, so I scoped out a bridge to shoot from. I knew exactly what lens I was going to use, to compress the group, to show how many people were there. I could have walked with them the whole length, photographing how people were struggling, but you can sum it all up in one picture.. The photograph is now one of the most memorable images of the right wing pro-leave campaign and far right politics in Britain. The text and design of the poster is also important. The banner along the bottom is very simple and easy to read and also looks extremely similar to the format of the leave.eu official campaigns posters which could potentially have been planned to blur the line between the two. The Breaking Point poster was intended to evoke an emotional response from the audience. The image of the hundreds of predominantly male refugees was used so that British people voting in the referendum would feel fear or perhaps a need to protect their country from the unknown. Far right groups use fear and scaremongering in this way to incite hatred of foreigners and different races and religions. In the lead up to World War II, Nazi propaganda films were also used to spark this same sense of fear using volume of people. In my first image you can see a still from a 1941 Nazi newsreel showing the march of Bessarabian Jews in Romania. In this same newsreel, the Jews are also referred to as parasites which links strongly to how refugees are perceived today. The two images have a lot in common in both appearance and political message and both aim to evoke the same response from the audience fear and hatred. Although, different Medias, the photography is similar and has been directly p lanned in order to show as many people as possible in the image. In the case of the Breaking Point poster, UKIP have appropriated this image for their own political cause, whereas in the Nazi newsreel, it is highly likely this was done intentionally. Another parallel between the two images which explain their form and the faces of those photographed is the events leading up to the images. In the photograph of the Jews travelling through Romania they were forced to walk in such a line similarly to the refugees in Slovenia who were kettled by police before being walked in a certain direction. But the most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly and with unflagging attention. It must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over. Here, as so often in this world, persistence is the first and most important requirement for success. Adolf Hitler The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history. George Orwell US politics The American fascists are most easily recognized by their deliberate perversion of truth and fact. Their newspapers and propaganda carefully cultivate every fissure of disunity, every crack in the common front against fascism. Henry A. WallaceRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/henry_a_wallace.html The United States has its own propaganda, but its very effective because people dont realize that its propaganda. And its subtle, but its actually a much stronger propaganda machine than the Nazis had but its funded in a different way. Crispin GloverRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=propaganda+nazi Progressives know there is something very wrong when a nation divided politically has one major network operating as a propaganda arm of the Republican Party and 90 percent of talk radio is dominated by right-wing extremists. Bernie SandersRead more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/search_results.html?q=right+wing+propaganda

The Protestant Ethic as a Driving Force of Capitalism According to Max Weber and His Book „the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

The protestant ethic as a driving force of capitalism according to Max Weber and his book „The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† Maximilian Carl Emil â€Å"Max† Weber was a German sociologist and a political economist. His work on sociology of religion is probably what he is best known for. He was trying to understand how religion – may have an effect on economic ethics despite the fact that the two terms are rarely related. His first work on the subject â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† is probably the piece which has defined his career as a sociologist.During the later half of the 19th century the world was beginning to experience rapid and fundamental changes. The Second Industrial revolution was rapidly reducing the cost of living, improving global life standards. Scientific breakthroughs and ideas were leading to a fast evolution of economical development while people like Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley and Geor ge Mendel were redefining the very concept of man’s place in the world. People were beginning to precipitate the world around them in a different way and it was rapidly transforming – a process which saw it’s conclusion after the First World War.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerDuring such a period when came out Weber’s â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† in a world where the three biggest industrial powers (The British Empire; the United States of America; The Second German Reich) were protestant it is not hard to understand why he saw Protestantism as a factor for the prevalence of some countries over other. Throughout his book, Weber emphasizes that his account is incomplete. He is not arguing that Protestantism caused the capitalistic spirit, but rather that it was one contributing factor. He also acknowledges that capitalism itself had an impact on the development of the religious ideas.T he full story is much more complex than Weber's partial account, and Weber himself constantly reminds his readers about his own limitations. The book itself has an introduction and five chapters. The first three chapters make up what Weber calls â€Å"The Problem. † The first chapter addresses â€Å"Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification,† the second â€Å"The Spirit of Capitalism,† and the third â€Å"Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation. † The fourth and fifth chapters make up â€Å"The Practical Ethics of the Ascetic Branches of Protestantism. The fourth chapter is about â€Å"The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism,† and the fifth chapter is about â€Å"Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism. † The book is not a study of the Protestant movement in the Christian religion. It is more an observation of how the ideas it preaches have influenced Capitalism. Protestantism began with The Protes tant Reformation, also called the Protestant Revolt or simply The Reformation, which was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity.It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestants. The self-described â€Å"reformers† (who â€Å"protested†) objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and created new national Protestant churches. There were many smaller bodies as well. The most common dating begins in 1517 when Luther published â€Å"The Ninety-Five Theses†, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars. Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly â€Å"calling,† and gives worldly activity a religious character.While important, this alone cannot explain the need to pursue profit. One branch of Protestantism, Calvinism (established by John Calvin from whom the name of the movement derives), does provide this explanation. Calvinists believe in predestination–that God has already determined who is saved and who is damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about whether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of God's favor.Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. Having in mind all which has been said up to this point Max Weber deduced that the Protestant ethic was the driving force behind capitalism and the economical and social development in the countries which were the founders of the religious movement. Speaking from a strictly historical point of view the Reformation had its main influ ence in already developed cities and states.Thus it could be possibly true to say that the Protestant movement was only a result from an already developing capitalist system. This, however, leads to the question of why, during the Protestant Reformation, the districts that were most economically developed were also most favorable to a revolution. It is true that freedom from economic traditions might make one more likely to also doubt religious traditions. However, the Reformation did not eliminate the influence of the Church, but rather substituted one influence for another that was more intervening in the lives of its followers. The reformation is not a suspension of Church dominance over life but rather a transition to a different kind of dominance. † This may be the case in protestant countries but this does not take into account that after the Reformation there can be seen a shift of power in Europe form Catholic states like Spain, Italy and France to Protestant states su ch as England, the Netherlands, Germany and Scotland. Weber begins his study with a question: What about Western civilization has made it the only civilization to develop certain cultural phenomena to which we like to attribute universal value and significance?Only in the West does science that we consider valid exist. While empirical knowledge and observation exist elsewhere in science, history, art and architecture, they lack the â€Å"rational, systematic and specialized† methodology of the West. In particular, the development of bureaucracy and the trained official are unique to the West, as is the modern rational state. Weber makes a distinction in his work between capitalism and modern capitalism. For him capitalism has existed since ancient times and examples of capitalism can be found in Egypt, Babylon, India and China.In this category he includes different opportunities which are of accidental and irrational character and are related with quick accumulation of wealth . Such random occurrences are activities like money-lending, state contracts and state financing, tax ransoms, colony exploitation and monopoly, profiting from wars, revolutions, political parties and etc. All of these forms differ from modern capitalism because of their speculative nature and the usage of random chances for profit. According to Weber the specific key points of modern capitalism are: A strive for an uninterruptedly repetitive profit, †¢Achieving of profit through â€Å"peaceful chances of exchange† and not through violence and aggression; †¢The emergence of the primarily â€Å"bourgeoisie production capitalism† with its rational organization of the free spirit This new form is â€Å"the rational capitalistic organization of (formally) free labor. † This form reflects rational industrial organization, the separation of business from the household and rational bookkeeping. However, ultimately these things are only significant in their as sociation with the capitalistic organization of labor. Exact calculation–the basis of everything else–is only possible on the basis of free labor. † Weber says that we must try to understand what it was about the West that encouraged the technical utilization of scientific knowledge through things like bookkeeping. Similarly, we must ask where the rational law and administration of the West came from. Why didn't the political, artistic, scientific or economic development of other countries follow the same path of rationalization?Weber makes a connection between the Protestant ethic which was accepted after the Reformation process in Europe and economic development using this definition of â€Å"modern capitalism† Weber gives out a detailed analysis of statistical data which reflect the social stratification between Protestants and Catholics. The research was conducted using information gathered from countries of mixed religious composition – Germany , Austria and the Netherlands and he uses it to deduct that owners and business leaders, as well as the higher skilled laborers and personnel, are overwhelmingly Protestant.Weber also says that though it might be thought that the greater participation of Protestants in capitalism is due to their greater inherited wealth, this does not explain all the phenomena. For example, Catholic and Protestant parents tend to give their children different types of education. While most Catholics prefer a humanitarian education, Protestants who according to Weber are prepare themselves for a bourgeoisie way of life prefer a more material education in order to master specific skills related with industrial manipulation. He explains this with the difference in early upbringing.Catholics also have more of a tendency than Protestants to stay in handicrafts rather than to go into industry. This suggests that their environment has determined the choice of occupation. This seems all the more likely beca use one would normally expect Catholics to get involved in economic activity in places like Germany, because they are excluded from political influence. However, in reality Protestants have shown a much stronger tendency to develop economic rationalism than Catholics have. The task of Weber is to investigate the religions and see what might have caused this behavior.What does the term â€Å"the spirit of capitalism† mean? This term can only be applied to something that is â€Å"a complex of elements associated in historical reality which we unite into a conceptual whole from the standpoint of their cultural significance. † The final concept can only come out at the end of an investigation into its nature. There are many ways to define the spirit of capitalism. In order to best formulate it Weber put in regard what about the spirit interests him; this, however, is not the only possible point of view.To come up with a formulation, Weber presents a long excerpt from the w ritings of Benjamin Franklin. He says that Franklin illustrates the Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism. The only work by Benjamin Franklin is â€Å"Autobiography†, which consists of useful advices mainly oriented at the poor. According to Franklin time is money, credit is money, and that money can accumulate money. He encourages people to pay their debts on time, because this allows you to gain the confidence of others. He also encourages people to present themselves as industrious and trustworthy at all times.Weber says that this â€Å"philosophy of avarice† sees increasing capital as an end in itself. He sees it as an ethic, and the individual is seen as having a duty to prosper. This is the spirit of modern capitalism. While capitalism existed in places like China and India, and in the Middle Ages, it did not have this spirit. All of Franklin's moral beliefs relate to promoting profit. They are virtues for this reason, and Franklin does not object to sub stitutes for these virtues that accomplish the same ends. However, this is not simply egocentrism.The capitalist ethic does not embrace a hedonistic life-style. Earning more and more money is seen completely as an end in itself, and is not just the means for purchasing other goods. This seemingly irrational attitude towards money is a leading principle of capitalism, and it expresses a type of feeling closely associated with certain religious ideas. Earning money reflects virtue and proficiency in a calling. This idea of one's duty in a calling is the basis of the capitalist ethic. The individual should feel obliged to pursue success in his professional activity.This does not mean that the idea only appeared under capitalistic conditions, or that this ethic must continue in order for capitalism to continue. Capitalism is a vast system that forces the individual to play by its rules, in an economic survival of the fittest. However, Weber argues that in order for a manner of life so c onducive to capitalism to become dominant, it had to originate somewhere, as a way of life common to a large number of people. It is this origin that must be explained. He rejects the idea that this ethic originated as a reflection or superstructure of economic situations.In Massachusetts, the spirit of capitalism was present before the capitalistic order took shape, as complaints of profit-seeking emerged as early as 1632. Furthermore, the capitalistic spirit took stronger hold in places like Massachusetts that were founded with religious motives than in the American South, which was settled for business motives. Furthermore, the spirit of capitalism actually had to fight its way to dominance against hostile forces. In ancient times and during the Middle Ages, Franklin's attitude would have been denounced as greed.It is not the case that greed was less pronounced then, or in other places that lack the capitalist ethic. The biggest opponent of the capitalist ethic has always been tr aditionalism. Weber says that he will try to make a definition of â€Å"traditionalism† by looking at a few cases but he advises that it should not be accepted by people and that he only uses it in order to explain its influence on opposing capitalism. First, there is the laborer. One way in which the modern employer encourages work is through price-rates, for example paying an agricultural worker by the amount harvested.In order to increase productivity, the employer raises the rate of pay. However, a frequent problem is that rather than working harder, the workers actually work less when paid more. They do this because they can reduce their workload and still make the same amount of money. â€Å"He did not ask: how much can I earn in a day if I do as much work as possible? But: how much must I work in order to earn the wage, 2 1/2 marks, which I earned before and which takes care of my traditional needs? † This reflects traditionalism, and shows that â€Å"by nature † man simply wants to live as he is used to living, and earn as much as is necessary in order for this.This is the leading trait of pre-capitalistic labor, and we still encounter this among more backward peoples. Weber then addresses the opposite policy, of reducing wages to increase productivity. He says that this effectiveness of this has its limits, as wages can become insufficient for life. To be effective for capitalism, labor must be performed as an end in itself. This requires education and it is not something which comes naturally to people. Weber then considers the entrepreneur in terms of the meaning of traditionalism. He observes that capitalistic enterprises can still have a traditionalistic character.The spirit of modern capitalism implies an attitude of rational and systematic pursuit of profit. Such an attitude finds its most suitable expression through capitalism, and has most effectively motivated capitalistic activities. However, the spirit of capitalism and capitalistic activities can occur separately. For example, we must consider the â€Å"putting-out system† when work is contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usually their own home. This represents a rational capitalistic organization, but with still traditional spirit.It reflects a traditional way of life, a traditional relationship with labor, and traditional interactions with customers. At some point, this traditionalism was shattered, but not by changes in organization. Rather, some young man went into the country, carefully chose weavers whom he closely supervised, and made them into laborers. He also changed his relationship with his customers by making it more personal and eliminating the middleman, and he introduced the idea of low prices and large turnover. Those who could not compete went out of business.A leisurely attitude towards life was replaced by an economic way of life. Most importantly, it was usually n ot new money that brought about this change, but the new spirit which was starting to manifest itself in some people. People who succeeded were typically temperate and reliable, and completely devoted to their business. Today, there is little connection between religious beliefs and such conduct, and if it exists it is usually negative. For these people, business is an end in itself. This is their motivation, despite the fact that this is irrational from the perspective of personal happiness.In our modern individualistic world, this spirit of capitalism might be understandable simply as adaptation, because it is so well suited to capitalism. It no longer needs the force of religious conviction because it is so necessary. However, this is the case because modern capitalism has become so powerful. It may have needed religion in order to overthrow the old economic system. It is hardly necessary to prove that the idea of moneymaking as a calling was not believed for whole epochs, and th at capitalism was at best tolerated.It is nonsense to say that the ethic of capitalism simply reflected material conditions. Rather, it is necessary to understand the background of ideas that made people feel they had a calling to make money. Weber is very strict and analytical when he begins his analysis on the word â€Å"calling†. Both the German word â€Å"Beruf† and the English word â€Å"calling† have a religious connotation of a task set by God. This type of word has existed for all Protestant peoples, but not for Catholics or in antiquity. Like the word itself, the idea of a calling is a product of the Reformation.It is significant because it is the first religious term that gives any significance to earthly activities which have prior been neglected by all other religious doctrines and creeds. People are now perceived as having a duty to fulfill the obligations imposed upon them by their position in the world. Martin Luther developed this idea; each legi timate calling has the same worth to God. This â€Å"moral justification of worldly activity† was one of the most important contributions of the Reformation, and particularly of Luther's role in it.However, it cannot be said that Luther actually had the spirit of capitalism in mind when he wrote his work â€Å"The Ninety-Five Theses†. The way in which the idea of worldly labor in a calling would evolve depended on the evolution of different Protestant churches. The Bible itself suggested a traditionalistic interpretation, and Luther himself was a traditionalist. He came to believe in absolute obedience to God's will, and acceptance of the way things are. Thus, Weber concludes that the simple idea of the calling in Lutheranism is at best of limited importance to his study.This does not mean that Lutheranism had no practical significance for the development of the capitalistic spirit. Rather, it means that this development cannot be directly derived from Luther's attitud e toward worldly activity. We should then look to a branch of Protestantism that has a much bigger contribution to the development of modern capitalism -Calvinism. Historically, the four major forms of ascetic Protestantism have been Calvinism, Pietism, Methodism, and the Baptist sects. None of these churches are completely independent of each other, or even from non-ascetic churches.Even their strongest dogmatic differences were combined in various ways, and similar moral conduct can be found in all four. We see, then, that similar ethical requirements can correspond with very different dogmatic foundations. In examining these religions, Weber explains that he is interested in â€Å"the influence of those psychological sanctions which, originating in religious belief and the practice of religion gave a direction to practical conduct and held the individual to it. † People were concerned with abstract dogmas to a degree that can only be understood when we see how connected th ese dogmas were with practical religious interests.The capitalistic spirit was not the goal of these religious reformers; their cultural impact was unforeseen and maybe undesired. Weber observes that Calvinism expected systematic self-control, and provided no opportunity for forgiveness of weakness. â€Å"The God of Calvinism demanded of his believers not single good works, but a life of good works combined into a unified system. † Calvinism's most distinctive dogma is the doctrine of predestination. Calvinists believe that God preordains which people are saved and which are damned. Calvinists came to this idea from logical necessity.Men exist for the sake of God, and to apply earthly standards of justice to God is meaningless and insulting. To question one's fate is similar to an animal complaining it wasn't born a man. Humans do not have the power to change God's decrees, and we only know that part of humanity is saved, and part damned. Thus it became a psychological necess ity to have some means of recognizing people in a state of grace, and two such means emerged. First, it was considered an absolute duty to consider oneself as one of the saved, and to see doubts as temptations of evil.Secondly, worldly activity was encouraged as the best means of gaining that self-confidence. Calvinism rejected the mystical elements of Lutheranism, where humans were a vessel to be filled by God. Rather, Calvinists believed that they were only a way through which God worked. Faith had to be shown in objective results. They looked for any activity that increased the glory of God. Such conduct could be based directly in the Bible, or indirectly through the purposeful order of God's world. Good works were not a means to salvation, but they were a sign of having been chosen.This was a rational and systematic approach to life. Since people had to prove their faith through worldly activity, Calvinism demanded a kind of worldly asceticism. It led to an attitude toward one's neighbor's sins that was not sympathetic, but rather full of hate, since he was God's enemy, bearing the signs of eternal damnation. This implied a â€Å"Christianization† of life that had dramatic practical implications for the way people lived their lives. Furthermore, religions with a similar doctrine of proof had a similar influence on practical life.Predestination in its â€Å"magnificent consistency† was the foundation for the Puritans' methodical and rationalized ethics. The different branches of ascetic Protestantism had elements of Calvinist thought, even if they did not embrace Calvinism as a whole. Weber again emphasizes how fundamental the idea of proof is for his study. His theory can be understood in its purest form through the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Calvinism did have a unique consistency and an extraordinarily powerful psychological effect.However, there is also a recurring framework for the connection between faith and conduct in the ot her three Protestant movements. Weber concludes his study with an attempt to describe the relationship between ascetic Protestantism and the spirit of capitalism. To understand how religious ideas translate into maxims for everyday conduct, one must look closely at the writings of priests. To demonstrate how religious ideas translate into maxims for everyday conduct Weber uses the writings of Richard Baxter as a model of ascetic Protestantism ethics.In his work, it is striking to see his suspicion of wealth as a dangerous temptation which could lead to relaxation, idleness, and distraction from the pursuit of a righteous life. Possessions are only objectionable because of this risk of relaxation; only activity promotes God's glory. Thus, wasting time is the worst of sins, because it means that time is lost in promoting God's will in a calling. Baxter preaches hard and continual mental or bodily work. This is because labor is an acceptable ascetic technique in the Western tradition, and because labor came to be seen as an end in itself, ordained as such by God.This does not change, even for those people who are wealthy, because everyone has a calling in which they should labor, and taking the opportunities for profit that God provides is part of that calling. Weber then attempts to clarify the ways in which the Puritan idea of the calling and asceticism influenced the development of the capitalistic way of life. First, asceticism opposes the spontaneous enjoyment of life and its opportunities – such enjoyment leads people away from work in a calling and religion.Weber argues, â€Å"That powerful tendency toward uniformity of life, which today so immensely aids the capitalistic interest in the standardization of production, had its ideal foundations in the repudiation of all idolatry of the flesh. † Puritans felt a duty to hold and increase their possessions. It was ascetic Protestantism that gave this attitude its ethical foundation. Asceticism al so condemned dishonesty and impulsive greed. The pursuit of wealth in itself was bad, but attaining it as the result of one's labor was a sign of God's blessing.Thus, the Puritan outlook favored the development of rational bourgeois economic life, and â€Å"stood at the cradle of the modern economic man. † It is true that once attained, wealth alienated people from Protestantism. In fact, we can see that the full economic effects of these religious movements actually came after the peak of religious enthusiasm. â€Å"The religious roots died out slowly, giving way to utilitarian worldliness. † However, these religious roots left its more secular successor a conscience about acquiring money, as long as it was done legally.The religious asceticism also gave the businessmen industrious workers, and assured him that inequality was part of God's design. Thus, one of the major elements of the spirit of modern capitalism, rational conduct based on the idea of a calling, was à ¢â‚¬Å"born† from the spirit of Christian asceticism. The same values exist in both, with the spirit of capitalism simply lacking the religious basis. Weber observes, â€Å"The Puritan wanted to work in a calling; we are forced to do so. † Asceticism helped build the â€Å"tremendous cosmos of the modern economic order. † People born today have their lives determined by this mechanism.Their care for external goods has become â€Å"an iron cage. † Material goods have gained an unparalleled control over the individual. The spirit of religious asceticism â€Å"has escaped from the cage,† but capitalism no longer needs its support. The â€Å"idea of duty in one's calling prowls about in our lives like the ghost of dead religious beliefs. † People even stop trying to justify it at all. In conclusion, Weber mentions some of the areas that a more complete study would have to explore. First, one would have to explore the impact of ascetic rationalism on other areas of life, and its historical development would have to be more rigorously traced.Furthermore, it would be necessary to investigate how Protestant asceticism was itself influenced by social conditions, including economic conditions. He says, â€Å"it is, of course, not my aim to substitute for a one-sided materialistic an equally one- sided spiritualistic causal interpretation of culture and of history. † The work of Max Weber can’t be understood properly without understanding the theories of Weber’s biggest ideological opponent – Karl Heinrich Marx. Only through the analysis of their main differences in the two ideologies can a stronger and broader understanding of capitalism be reached.Although the father of Marx was actually Lutheran this did not give him a view of life as the one preached by Weber. Marx strongly believed in what he called â€Å"historical materialism† for him everything is material and that the only way for changes in society to take place is through the struggle between classes. The general concept is that every economic order grows to a state where it has reached maximum efficiency, while at the same time collapsing on itself due to developing internal contradictions or flaws and weaknesses which result in decay.He believed that men are creators of their own history and they transform their natural habitat in order to fit their changing needs and desires: â€Å"Men begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence. . . In producing their means of subsistence men indirectly produce their actually material life. † Throughout history men transform nature so that it better serves their own purposes. According to Marx, all societies go through five stages of history and capitalism is simply a necessary stage between feudalism and the final step of communism.The way in which men create their social organization is based on modes of pro duction. Changes within these societies occur because as the mode of production changes, it no longer fits the present social organization. Therefore, a new class and hence a new form of society emerges. Weber’s perspective was quite different. In fact â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† was written as a response to Marx in order to dispute the ideas which he puts forward. Weber has a different perspective on why and how capitalism came about.Rather than just focusing on how capitalism came about, he focuses on finding an answer to the question of why capitalism happened where and when it did. When he looked for differences in the capitalist cultures and non-capitalist cultures at the time he found that capitalism occurred at the same time as the Protestant reformation. The obvious next question for Weber was why it was the Protestant culture that led to capitalism. He found the division of labor that came naturally through capitalism to be a good thing. It did not lead to the separating of society into two very different and conflicting classes.Instead, it formed a number of different classes that were related to each man’s life style and calling. Each man’s God given calling was different from that of his fellow man because God intended it to be so. The division of labor led to the specialization of occupations and increased development of skills, which in turn caused an improvement in production. The division of labor therefore serves the common good. Marx had a completely opposite opinion of the division of labor. In his eyes, the division of labor is what leads to the formation of hostile and conflicting classes.These classes are distinguished by their access, or lack thereof, to the means of production and consequently, their level of power. However, similar to Weber’s view that your position within these classes is determined by an outside source, in Weber’s case God, Marx believed that you were born into your social class and that you could not change your position. According to Marx though, this division of labor is what leads to the vicious cycle of capitalism. The division of labor allows for work to become very machine like. Which, in turn, alienates the worker from his work and product.This alienation leads as well, to the estrangement of man from himself and from his fellow man because man’s identity becomes his work. The division of labor and mechanization of labor also standardizes jobs as well as the workforce. Thus making workers easily replaceable like parts of a machine. This is not a problem when profits are high and the economy is growing. During times of good economic conditions wages will increase as well. In turn, the profit margin on labor will decrease leading to layoffs and increased unemployment. This will cause small businesses to collapse and wages to once again decrease.However, at this point, consumption will have fallen because there i s less disposable income. Companies will again hire more of these standardized workers who will work for lower wages because they are unemployed. This will again increase the capitalist profit and the cycle begins again. This alienation of the working class is not at all natural and therefore causes great problems. As said by Marx, men are naturally productive creatures. The fundamental nature of man is his consciousness and his ability to control that which surrounds him.During the process of standardizing labor workers themselves become part of the end product and thus, â€Å"Labor produces not only commodities; it produces itself and the worker as a commodity† The working class becomes increasingly disgruntled which leads to a struggle between the lower and upper classes which, because history is dialectical and not static, will lead to a revolution that will cause capitalism to fall. These specific conditions of capitalism are what caused the alienation and exploitation, and thus, they are the specific conditions which must be changed.Accordingly, the working class will take over the means of production and bring into being the final stage of society, that being communism. Within communism false consciousness and alienation do not exist. Once the people recognize that we all depend on each other people will work more freely and voluntarily. It is Ironic that maybe the reasons behind which communism was not able to thrive in Marx’s homeland of Germany could be revealed if we use the thesis of Weber – In a country which has been a strict follower to protestant ethics and thus transformed it’s peoples there is no way for an idea such as communism to thrive.It is far to idle and is not so directly related with direct participation in the continuation of the world in a way which Protestantism would favor. A society in which all people are equal goes against everything which is considered principle in Protestantism – How can pe ople distinguish themselves from other if they are all equal? Thus, even though the strength of the religion had long faded its ethics were strong enough to determine the outcome. It is important to note that neither of the leaders of the Spartacist uprising of 1919 (Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht) were Protestants.As I once red in Paul Johnson’s â€Å"Modern Times† the world can be changed by a scientific research. Not just the field in which it is specialized but also in society a whole and thus – the entire world. Max Weber can be put among those people who have not just written endless and worthless papers (like this one); he is among the people who have had an important and significant impact on life with their contributions. His ideas have been used in politics, media, and economics; having an impact on the world as a whole. There will always be critics who stay pessimistic about the views expressed by Weber.Some say that geographical location was the main reason for the success of the Protestant countries and some even object that countries which prosper such as China and Japan are not even Christian, but it is not the role of the work to deduct that Protestantism was the way to success but only to sudgest that it had a guiding role. To use the fact that the Eastern Countries are not Christian as an argument, when they show so many of the qualities which for Weber were key for the success of the Protestants such as willingness to work and social unity is just absurd.Max Weber was tying to understand why the capitalistic system was successful in some parts of the world and why it did not in others. His work is not perfect it is far from it. But Weber was one of the first people to suggest that economic processes and problems can have their roots in other fields of human knowledge. To view economics as an end in itself is a mistake which must be avoided and yet it is still the case in different areas around the world including Bul garia.Maybe Marx was right that capitalism was a machine complex and yet not perfect because humans are not perfect; it is a complicated process in which the smallest factor can produce worldwide effects. Weber attempts to give a rational explanation for why it was developed where history determined for it to do so. â€Å"The master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not often found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher—in some degree.He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man's nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and in corruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician. † John Maynard Keynes